Refractive errors requiring the use of eyeglasses exist in nearly one-fifth of children before the late teenage years. The most common clinically significant refractive error is myopia (nearsightedness), usually seen in school-aged children and correctable with eyeglasses. Hyperopia (farsightedness) can cause problems in performing close work but usually does not necessitate correction in children unless it is sufficient to cause crossed eyes or reduced vision. Astigmatism (unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye) necessitates corrective eyeglasses if it causes significantly decreased vision or is of such severity to contribute to the development of amblyopia (lazy eye). In addition, unequal amounts of refractive error between the two eyes (anisometropia) also may lead to amblyopia and may require a prescription for corrective eyeglasses. The detection of amblyopia at an early age is an important aspect of the routine eye examination in the pediatric population. Left undetected and untreated, amblyopia may lead to irreversible visual deficit.
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